[Effect of triple antibiotic paste on bond strength of composite to dentin:an in vitro study]

Considering the increasing use of antibiotics in root canal therapy and the possible effects of intracanal medicaments on the bond strength of composite restorations, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of triple antibiotic paste on shear bond strength of three types of composite resins to dentin.In this in-vitro, experimental study, the enamel of 60 extracted premolars was ground parallel to the longitudinal axis of the teeth in order to produce flat dentin surfaces [5 mm[2] minimum surface area]. The samples were divided into six groups. In the control group, dentin surfaces were stored in saline solution and in the experimental groups, dentin surfaces were exposed to triple antibiotic paste for 10 days. After washing and drying, Single Bond was applied for dentin bond to Z100 and Z350 composites. Adhesive resin was used for bond to to P90 composite. Composites were applied on the dentin surfaces in six groups and cured in four directions. The shear bond strength was measured by Instron machine. The data were analyzed by t-test, one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. The highest mean shear bond strength was found in Z350 composite group following the use of triple antibiotic paste [38.75 MPa] and the lowest mean strength was found in Z100 composite group following the use of triple antibiotic paste [14.64 MPa]. The mean shear bond strength of P90 and Z100 composites [in contrast to Z350 composite] was higher in the saline compared to the triple antibiotic paste groups [P=0.1]. The differences between saline and antibiotic groups were not significant [P=0.959] but the difference in this regard among the three types of composites was significant.The results of this study showed that use of triple antibiotic paste has no effect on the shear bond strength of composite to dentin but the type of composite significantly affects the shear bond strength

[Relationship between suicidal ideations and psychosocial characteristics in depressed patients]

Introduction: More than 1000 suicides occur daily worldwide and suicidal attempts occures 10 to 20 times. Identification of risk factors can lead to design preventive interventions to reduce the incidence of suicide. The aim of this study is to determine the association between suicidal ideations and psychosocial characteristics in depressed patients of Razi Hospital in Tabriz

Methods: This descriptive analytical study was conducted in 2013. 80 depressed patients who have suicidal ideation were selected through convinience sampling method. To collect data, a questionnaire consisting of social and mental questionnaire and Beck suicide ideation scale was used. To analyze data, descriptive and inferential statistics was used

Result: The overall results of this study showed that significant relationship was seen between suicide ideation and dimensions and gender, job, education, history and method of suicidal attempt, physical disorders, using non psychotropic drugs [P<0.05]

Conclusion: Regarding the issue that suicidal ideation is an important risk factor for successful suicide and identification of vulnerble groups have important role in suicide prevention; therefore, According the result of study we suggest that female patients with lower education less than diploma that use psychotropic drugs should be further considered as a risk group

[Comparison of marital conflict dimensions between substance dependence patients: Shishe, Crack, Opioids]

Satisfaction of marital relation is a fundamental factor in strength and mental health of family. Marital conflicts are of the most prevalent problems among addicted patients. The aim of this study was to compare marital conflicts among 3 groups of drug users [shishe, crack, opium]. In this descriptive-analytical study, 71 drug users [16 opiumusers, 18 crack users, 17 shishe users], who referred to nerve and psyche clinic in Isfahan, were randomly selected. The marital conflicts were evaluated using "CTS-11" scale and then we compared to a control group of 19 parcipitants. Data were analyzed using Anova and Shafe tests. Analysis between groups showed a significant difference in five subscales: Psychological aggression, Physical assault, Negotiation, Sexual coercion and Injury [P<0.05]. The mean of five subscales indicated that the Shishe abusers in all of the five subscales have higher mean score than control group and opium abusers group. Difference between opium abusers group and control was significant in all subscales except injury. The difference between scores in Crack and Shishe abusers was also significant just in physical assault [P<0.05]. It seems that marital problems treatment in these patients and training of anger control effective techniques, safe sexual relation training, conflict resolution training and problem resolution will perform the main role in the increase of satisfaction followed by the increase of family supportsand decrease of conflicts and dissatisfaction of marital relationships

Alveolar echinococcosis infection in a monkey [ateles geoffroyi] in Mashhad, Iran

Alveolar echinococcosis [AE], which is caused by ingestion of eggs of the fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis, is the most potentially lethal parasitic infection because of its tendency to invade and proliferate in the liver and the difficulty in treatment. This article describes a case of alveolar echinococcosis found in Ateles geoffroyi in Mashhad, Iran. The cysts were characterized as an alveolar structure, composed of numerous small vesicles in liver, abdominal cavity, retroperitoneum and lungs. A characteristic feature of these vesicles was its exogenous tumor-like proliferation. These cysts were filled with numerous protoscoleces suggesting a potential role of this monkey in cycle of transmission. Up to now, this is probably the first report of alveolar echinococcosis in A. geoffroyi in the world

Interrelation of spreading depression and epileptiform burst in the lateral amygdala

Background and Purpose: Spreading depression [SD] is a neuronal-glyal depolarization, with a possible role in different neurological disorders including epilepsy and migraine aura. Initiation and propagation of SD modulate excitability of neuronal network. The aim of the present study was to investigate electrophysiological characteristics of neurons of the lateral amygdala in the late phase of excitability during SD

Methods and Materials: In this experimental study, 6 male rats were used. We used horizontal amygdala-hippocampusneocortex slice in which SD was induced by KCl application in each brain structure. After superfusion of these slices with GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline [1.25 micromol/L] for 45 min, initiation of SD evoked ictal epileptic activity in all tested slices. The induction of SD in the lateral amygdala resulted in presence of interictal and ictal epileptiform field potentials and intracellular paroxysmal shift [PDS] For data analysis, paired ttest and one-way ANOVA were used in Sigma Stat 3 software

Results: The results demonstrated that SD moved the resting membrane potential [before -60.3 +/- 0.5 and after -52.8 +/- 0.78] towards depolarization after inducing the spreading depression in lateral Amygdale [P<0.001]. Likewise, the threshold for action potential before induction [5.5 +/- 0.2] and after induction [3.3 +/- 0.1] increased [P<0.001], together with the frequency of spontaneous activity of neurons before [164.1 +/- 40.2] and after [227.2 +/- 45.1] induction [P<0.05]. Most cells became slow adapting after SD induction

Conclusion: The results imply a possible role for SD as an underlying mechanism of epilepsy in predisposed neural tissue with increased excitation or decreased inhibition

[Effect of omega-3 supplementation on preeclampsia in high risk pregnant women]

Identification of factors preventing preeclampsia in high risk pregnant women is of prime importance. The omega-3 supplementation may reduce the risk of preeclampsia. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of omega-3 supplementation on high risk pregnancy for preeclampsia in the city of Qazvin. This was a single-blind randomized clinical trial conducted on 100 high risk pregnant women for preeclampsia over a period between 14 to 18 weeks of gestation in the city of Qazvin, Iran. Fifty patients were assigned to omega-3 group and another 50 to placebo group. Women were given a daily supplementation of 1000mg omega-3 or placebo until delivery. Later, preeclampsia and pregnancy outcome were assessed in both groups. Data were analyzed statistically using t-test, chi square test, Mannwhitney, and Fisher exact tests. There were significant differences between the omega-3 and placebo groups regarding the rate [p=0.015] and intensity [p=0.01] of preeclampsia. Statistically, a significant correlation between the omega-3 group and outcome of pregnancy including the birth weight [p=0.000] and apgar score [p=0.002] was found. Our results suggest that supplementation with omega-3 during pregnancy reduces the risk of preeclampsia in high risk pregnant women. Thus it seems necessary to promote educational programs on nutrition for pregnant women

[Prevalence of IL18-607A/C polymorphism in patients with visceral leishmaniasis]

Visceral leishmaniasis [VL] is a parasitic disease caused by a protozoan of Leishmania genus and in Iran by Leishmania infantum. The protective immune response against VL is cellular immunity through Th1 CD4+, which dominant chemokiens are IL12, IFN-alpha and IL18 and lead to Th1 response. Single nucleotide polymorphism [SNP] on IL-18 gene and its relation to IL18 levels in blood and IL18 function have been studied in many inflammatory diseases such as Behcect's disease and tuberculosis. According to the important role of IL-18 in immunity against visceral leishmaniasis, this study was conducted to demonstrate the prevalence of genotypes on-607A/C in promoter region of IL-18 gene. This descriptive and cross-sectional study was done on 91 pateints with confirmed VL, 105 healthy sero-negative controls and 78 seropositive controls during 1999-2009. Salting out method was used to extract DNA and ARMS-PCR was used to determine the genotype of-607A/C allele of individuals. Statistical analysis of genotypes was performed using Chi-Square test. According to the results,-607C/C was the dominant genotype among the groups [35.8%]. Distribution of genotypes among groups had not any significant difference. The lowest genotype among healthy sero-positive and patients were-607A/C and-607A/A, respectively. Statistical analysis of distribution of genotypes, did not reveal any significant difference among groups. The dominant genotypes of VL patients, healthy sero-negatives and healthy seropositives were-607C/C [38.5%],-607A/C [37.1%] and-607C/C [35.9%] respectively

[ comparative study of the effect of two bonding agents on the shear bond strength of the repaired composite restorations]

Statement of Problem: One of the major problems in old composite filling reconstruction is creating powerful bond strength between the existing composite and the new composite filling. Furthermore, complete exchange of the old composite filling may jeopardize the tooth structure. In this situation, repairing the previous composite filling is more practical and the risk of pulp involvement may be decreased. No study has been done on the comparison of G-Bond and other bodings effects with or without silane usage except the manufacturers' claims

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two different bonding agents on the shear bond strength of the existing composite and the new composite filling with or without silane usage

Methods and Material: In this experimental and in vitro study, 50 cylindrical composite blocks were prepared. Ten samples were used as control group in the size of 5×6 mm [one piece composite]. The remaining 40 samples as the case groups were made in the size of 5×3 mm. The samples were stored in distilled water at 37[degree sign]c for 2 weeks. The surface of all the samples were roughened, etched and cleaned. These 40 samples were divided into 4 equal groups based on the bonding procedure and silane usage .The groups were Clearfil S[3] bond and silane [group A], Clearfill S[3] Bond only [group B], G Bond and silane [group C], and G Bond only [group D]. Then, the samples were stored in distilled water for another 2 weeks. The specimens were loaded to failure in shear mode with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min until fracture. Shear bond strengths were analyzed with one way analysis of ANOVA

Result: Shear bond strength was significantly different in the 5 groups. Shear bond strength in the control group was 34.24 Mega pascal, being significantly higher than that in the other 4 groups. The averages of the shear bond strength, were 25.88, 23.14, 21.19 and 17.20 for group A, B, C and D respectively. The results showed a statistically significant difference between the 4 groups and the control group

Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that composite cohesive strength [control group] had the highest strength, whereas there was no statistical difference among the other groups

[Relation between infertility and sexual satisfaction in couples]

Infertility is a complex crisis in couple's life and can produce severe psychological pressure on both partners. Depression, stress, low self-esteem, and marital sexual dissatisfaction are among the psychological outcomes of infertility. This study was aimed to determine the relation between infertility and sexual satisfaction. This was a cross sectional study in which depression and sexual satisfaction rate among 150 infertile versus 150 fertile couples [in Tabriz- in 2005] were investigated and further analyzed. Random Sampling was used to select study population. Data gathering was performed using a questionnaire consisting of 2 parts including a section on demographic characteristics, and also a Larson standard questionnaire for determining sexual Satisfaction]. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods, independent t-test, and >2. Findings: There was no significant difference associated with mean sexual satisfaction rate between infertile and fertile men and infertile and fertile women [p=0.707, t=0.377 in men; p=0.370, t=0.898 in women]. However, a statically significant relationship between sexual satisfaction score and duration of marriage, income status, number of unsuccessful treatment, length of time when infertility diagnosed, and performance of diagnostic tests was found. Considering the unpleasant effects of sexual dissatisfaction on physical and emotional health and also the occurrence of infertility-originated divorce, attempt has to be made for early diagnosis and treatment of undesirable situation in both partners

Study of awareness and performance level in red crescent society staff of tehran towards first aid

Iranian Red Crescent Society staff are one of the first responders in disasters, therefore; this paper aims to study the level of awareness and performance of Red Crescent society staff of Tehran towards first aid [as one of the first rescue and relief actions]. The methodology of research involved creation of a questionnaire and a collection of demographic, awareness and performance of extracted data. In this cross sectional research, 80 employees of Red Crescent society of Tehran were surveyed by random sampling in 2009. About 55 percent of responders have [a good and very good] awareness and knowledge about first aid; also 43 percent have [a good and very good] performance about first aid. Based on the variables, there is a meaningful relation between the presence in relief operations and their scores. [p=0.021, r=0.568]. According to the results, about half of Red Crescent society staff had an appropriate level of awareness and performance. However, in order to review the first aid training, it is essential to improve the staff response ability in disasters

Surgical repair of third-degree perineal laceration by Goetz technique in the mare: 7 cases [2000-2005]

Third-degree perineal lacerations in 7 mares were repaired surgically by a one-stage method [Goetz technique]. Primary healing occurred in all of them without any complication. The conception rate obtained after surgery was 70.1%. Five horses out of seven got pregnant after surgery and no further injury was seen at subsequent foaling. Three mares have produced several healthy foals without any subsequent injury. According to the results of the present study, single-stage surgical repair of third-degree perineal laceration [Goetz technique] appeared to have a good prognosis for subsequent fertility in mares

Outcome and characteristics of patients on the liver transplant waiting list: Shiraz experience

The only curative therapy for end-stage liver disease is transplantation but due to a shortage of available donor livers the waiting list mortality is high. This study aimed to evaluate the outcome and characteristics of patients on the waiting list for liver transplantation in Shiraz, southern Iran during the period from April 2004 to March 2007. Medical records of all chronic liver disease patients >/= 14 years that were on the waiting list for liver transplantation at the Nemazee Hospital Organ Transplant Center during April 2004 to March 2007 were reviewed. Hospital records were used to retrieve demographic, clinical and laboratory data. Records of the referring gastroenterologists provided information about the etiology and complications of liver disease. The patients were followed at the end of the study period by clinic visits or telephone contact. There were 646 patients on the waiting list for liver transplant during April 2004 to March 2007. Hepatitis B was the most common etiology of liver disease [31.2%]. Of those on the waiting list, 144 patients 22.3%] underwent liver transplant and 166 [25.7%] died while waiting for a transplant. The mean waiting period for transplant was 6.6 months. Receiving a transplant was correlated with the etiology of liver disease and Rh blood group [p<0.05] but had no significant association with gender or ABO blood type. Among non-transplanted patients, survival was lower in those who had a history of encephalopathy, SBP or uncontrolled ascites and in patients with a Child-Turcotte-Puph [CTP] class C and/or a Model of End-stage Liver Disease [MELD] score >/= 15. Hepatitis B virus is the most common cause of end-stage chronic liver disease amongst patients on the waiting list for liver transplant in Shiraz, southern Iran. Patients with a MELD score >/= 15 particularly those with a history of SBP, hepatic encephalopathy or uncontrolled ascites are recommended for waiting list enrollment

[Comparison of fracture resistance in reattached anterior teeth using porcelain, composite and metal laminates]

Fractured crown is one of the most prevalent dental problems. Dental researchers and clinicians are trying to find the most effective reattachment technique in order to provide adequate resistance as close to intact human tooth as possible. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of using porcelain, composite and metal laminates on fracture resistance of the re-attached coronal fragments in human anterior teeth. This in-vivo study was conducted using forty recently extracted human lower incisors. Samples were randomly assigned into four groups. Ten teeth with no prior preparations were selected as the control group. The rest of teeth were sectioned mesiodistally, four mm under and parallel to the incisal edge. These specimens were randomly assigned to three groups. Re-attachment was performed using single bond and flowable composite in all test groups according to manufacturer's instructions. In porcelain laminate [PL] group, veneer preparations were made for buccal surface [window preparation]. Composite and metal laminate preparations were made in lingual surfaces of the teeth in composite laminate [CL] and metal laminate [ML] groups. After impression taking and laboratory process, all laminates were cemented using resin cement. All teeth were mounted in self cured acrylic blocks and kept in saline solution. Using a testing machine, fracture procedures were performed in a cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/minute. The tooth inclination for testing were set at 135° angle before the loading blade and kept it in this position until fracture occurred. Differences between four groups were determined using one way analysis of variance [ANOVA] at 0.05 significance level. The mean fracture resistant in control, CL, PL and ML groups were 438.85 [ +/- 147.14], 420.05 [ +/- 109.59], 364.92 [ +/- 230.02] and 345.01 [ +/- 148.87] respectively. This analysis showed that, group differences were not statistically significant [P>0.05]. Although composite laminate [CL] showed highest fracture resistance after the control group, but all the three techniques can be applied depending on the teeth and patient's preferences

Prevalence and outcome of the macrosomic infants

The birth weight is one of the important factors affecting the perinatal morbidity and mortality. Fetal macrosomia is associated with increased risks of cesarean section and trauma. To determine prevalence and outcome of the macrosomic infants, this case-control, prospective study is performed in the two university hospitals in Tehran during a 36- month period between 2002 through 2004. 1000 neonates with birth weight of at least 4000g [<90[th] centile] constituted the case group. Another 2000 Cases amongst the newborns delivered in the same period between 2500 and 3999g [10[th]-90[th] centile] formed the control group. A total of 17236 deliveries occurred during the study period. The prevalence of macrosomic deliveries was 5.8 and prevalence of the deliveries [>4500g or heavier] was 0.84%. The mean birth weight of study group was 4254 +/- 215 and 3245 +/- 310g of control group [P<0.001].While the cesarean section rate was 35.2% for study group and it was 18.5% for the control group [P<0.001] in the study group. 16 cases of clavicular fracture [1.6%], 13 cases of brachial plexus palsy [1.3%], [P<0.00l]. No perinatal mortality was recorded in two groups. There were 12 cases [1.2%] of asphyxia related to delivery in the study group [P<0.01]. The rate of maternal complication, were significantly higher in the study group [p<0.01]. The macrosomic infants are in increased risk for birth trauma and asphyxia. The risk of birth trauma for the infants weighing 4500g or more is even greater. The majority of factors which lead to the delivery of macrosomic infants are preventable

Rupture of the peroneous tetrius in a horse

Rupture of the peroneous tertius was diagnosed in a 7-year-old stallion, based on clinical examinations. The stifle joint flexed as the limb was advanced forward without flexing the hock. When the limb was pulled backward, the hock joint extended but the stifle was in the normal position. The recommended treatment included complete stall rest for 6 weeks followed by limited exercise for 2 months. The animal, ultimately, returned back to its normal exercise

Fibrotic myopathy of the semitendinosus muscle in a thoroughbred foal

Fibrotic myopathy of the semitendinosus muscle was diagnosed in a 9-months-old female thoroughbred foal on the left hindleg. The cranial phase of the stride was shortened than normal and the foot was suddenly pulled caudally just before contacting to the ground during walking. A non-painful firmness area was palpated over the semitendinosus muscle on the caudal surface of the left hindleg above at the level of the stifle joint. Tenotomy of the tibial insertion of the semitendinosus muscle was undergone. The foal returned to the normal exercise one month after surgery